SPATIAL PATTERNS AND CONTROLS ON HISTORICAL FIRE REGIMES AND FOREST STRUCTURE IN THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 704-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan H. Taylor ◽  
Carl N. Skinner
2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Stockdale ◽  
Mike Flannigan ◽  
Ellen Macdonald

As our view of disturbances such as wildfire has shifted from prevention to recognizing their ecological necessity, so too forest management has evolved from timber-focused even-aged management to more holistic paradigms like ecosystem-based management. Emulation of natural disturbance (END) is a variant of ecosystem management that recognizes the importance of disturbance for maintaining ecological integrity. For END to be a successful model for forest management we need to describe disturbance regimes and implement management actions that emulate them, in turn achieving our objectives for forest structure and function. We review the different components of fire regimes (cause, frequency, extent, timing, and magnitude), we describe low-, mixed-, and high-severity fire regimes, and we discuss key issues related to describing these regimes. When characterizing fire regimes, different methods and spatial and temporal extents result in wide variation of estimates for different fire regime components. Comparing studies is difficult as few measure the same components; some methods are based on the assumption of a high-severity fire regime and are not suited to detecting mixed- or low-severity regimes, which are critical to END management, as this would affect retention in harvested areas. We outline some difficulties with using fire regimes as coarse filters for forest management, including (i) not fully understanding the interactions between fire and other disturbance agents, (ii) assuming that fire is strictly an exogenous disturbance agent that exerts top-down control of forest structure while ignoring numerous endogenous and bottom-up feedbacks on fire effects, and (iii) assuming by only replicating natural disturbance patterns we preserve ecological processes and vital ecosystem components. Even with a good understanding of a fire regime, we would still be challenged with choosing the temporal and spatial scope for the disturbance regime we are trying to emulate. We cannot yet define forest conditions that will arise from variations in disturbance regime; this then limits our ability to implement management actions that will achieve those conditions. We end by highlighting some important knowledge gaps about fire regimes and how the END model could be strengthened to achieve a more sustainable form of forest management.


2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra D. Syphard ◽  
Volker C. Radeloff ◽  
Nicholas S. Keuler ◽  
Robert S. Taylor ◽  
Todd J. Hawbaker ◽  
...  

Humans influence the frequency and spatial pattern of fire and contribute to altered fire regimes, but fuel loading is often the only factor considered when planning management activities to reduce fire hazard. Understanding both the human and biophysical landscape characteristics that explain how fire patterns vary should help to identify where fire is most likely to threaten values at risk. We used human and biophysical explanatory variables to model and map the spatial patterns of both fire ignitions and fire frequency in the Santa Monica Mountains, a human-dominated southern California landscape. Most fires in the study area are caused by humans, and our results showed that fire ignition patterns were strongly influenced by human variables. In particular, ignitions were most likely to occur close to roads, trails, and housing development but were also related to vegetation type. In contrast, biophysical variables related to climate and terrain (January temperature, transformed aspect, elevation, and slope) explained most of the variation in fire frequency. Although most ignitions occur close to human infrastructure, fires were more likely to spread when located farther from urban development. How far fires spread was ultimately related to biophysical variables, and the largest fires in southern California occurred as a function of wind speed, topography, and vegetation type. Overlaying predictive maps of fire ignitions and fire frequency may be useful for identifying high-risk areas that can be targeted for fire management actions.


2013 ◽  
Vol 298 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Poulos ◽  
J. Villanueva Díaz ◽  
J. Cerano Paredes ◽  
A.E. Camp ◽  
R.G. Gatewood

1997 ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Z. Fule ◽  
W. Wallace Covington

El fuego frecuente de baja intensidad es un agente clave de disturbio en los bosques de pinos de hojas largas del occidente de Norteamérica; sin embargo, se conoce poco de la ecología del fuego en los bosques mexicanos que han sido menos afectados por la exclusión del fuego. Comparamos la secuencia de disturbio causado por fuego y la estructura forestal de cuatro sitios, poco o no explotados, que varían en su reciente historial de fuegos. Los frecuentes incendios de baja intensidad, que se presentaron periódicamente cada 4 a 5 años, si se toman en cuenta todos los incendios, y cada 6 a 9 años para el caso de los incendios extensos, caracterizaron todos los sitios hasta el inicio de la exclusión de fuego a mediados del siglo XX en tres de las cuatro parcelas de estudio. Aunque se considera que la mayoría de los incendios en el área son de origen humano, en los sitios de referencia se observaron evidencias de igniciones causadas tanto por las descargas eléctricas, como por el hombre. Una posible conexión entre la incidencia de los incendios y el clima quedó señalada por la correlación encontrada entre los años con incendios regionales y los extremos positivos del índice de oscilación meridional, asociados con condiciones de clima frío y seco. Las estructuras del ecosistema forestal diferían de acuerdo con los efectos del aclareo de árboles y del consumo de material combustible. Dos sitios con una larga exclusión de incendios se caracterizaron por masas relativamente densas de árboles más pequeños y jóvenes, altas cantidades de material combustible, y capas de humus más profundas. En contraste, tanto en la parcela que se quemó después de un período de exclusión de fuego de 29 años, como también en el último sitio donde los incendios frecuentes han continuado hasta el presente, se registraron bosques relativamente abiertos dominados por árboles más grandes y maduros. Las áreas de muestreo recientemente quemadas tenían menos material combustible, especialmente de madera podrida, y capas de humus menos profundas. La gran cantidad de renuevos en combinación con la baja densidad del estrato superior de los sitios recientemente quemados es también consistente con el efecto de aclareo de los incendios de poca intensidad. Las estrategias para la conservación y el manejo a largo plazo de estos bosques deben reconocer el papel histórico del disturbio causado por el fuego, así como el potencial de cambios en la intensidad de los incendios y los efectos ecológicos de una larga exclusión de fuego.


Ecosphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Faivre ◽  
Y. Jin ◽  
M. L. Goulden ◽  
J. T. Randerson

2016 ◽  
Vol 381 ◽  
pp. 217-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Parisi ◽  
Fabio Lombardi ◽  
Andrea Sciarretta ◽  
Roberto Tognetti ◽  
Alessandro Campanaro ◽  
...  

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 732-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Pickell ◽  
David W. Andison ◽  
Nicholas C. Coops ◽  
Sarah E. Gergel ◽  
Peter L. Marshall

Resource development can have significant consequences for the distribution of vegetation cover and for species persistence. Modelling changes to anthropogenic disturbance regimes over time can provide profound insights into the mechanisms that drive land cover change. We analyzed the spatial patterns of anthropogenic disturbance before and after a period of significant oil and gas extraction in two boreal forest subregions in Alberta, Canada. A spatially explicit model was used to map levels of anthropogenic forest crown mortality across 700 000 ha of managed forest over a 60-year period. The anthropogenic disturbance regime varied both spatially and temporally and was outside the historical range of variability characterized by regional fire regimes. Levels of live forest crown within anthropogenic disturbances declined and edge density increased following oil and gas development, whereas patch size varied regionally. In some places, anthropogenic disturbance generated profoundly novel landscapes with spatial patterns that had no historical analogue in the boreal system. The results illustrate that a shift in one sector of the economy can have dramatic outcomes on landscape structure. The results also suggest that any efforts to better align cumulative anthropogenic disturbance patterns with the historic baseline will almost certainly require a concerted and collaborative effort from all of the major stakeholders.


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